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2016-2017
THE PARLIAMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
APPROPRIATION BILL (NO. 4) 2016-2017
EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM
(Circulated by the authority of the Minister for Finance,
Senator the Honourable Mathias Cormann)
Table of Acronyms and Defined Terms
AAO Administrative Arrangements Order
AFM Advance to the Finance Minister
AI Act Acts Interpretation Act 1901
Commonwealth An entity as defined in section 10 of the PGPA Act
entity
CRF Consolidated Revenue Fund
Finance Minister Minister for Finance
GST Goods and Services Tax
non-corporate Non-corporate Commonwealth entities as defined in
entities the PGPA Act or the High Court
PGPA Act Public Governance, Performance and
Accountability Act 2013
PGPA Rule Public Governance, Performance and
Accountability Rule 2014
portfolio Portfolio Budget Statements and Portfolio
statements Additional Estimates Statements
Explanatory Memorandum to Appropriation Bill (No. 4) 2016-2017
House of Representatives 1
Outline
Appropriation Bill (No. 4) 2016-2017
General Outline
1 This Explanatory Memorandum accompanies the Appropriation Bill (No. 4)
2016-2017 (the Bill).
2 The main purpose of the Bill is to propose appropriations from the
Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF) for services that are not the ordinary annual
services of the Government in addition to amounts appropriated through the
Appropriation Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 and the Supply Act (No. 2) 2016-2017.
3 Appropriations for the ordinary annual services of the Government must be
contained in a separate Bill from other appropriations in accordance with
sections 53 and 54 of the Australian Constitution (the Constitution).
Consequently, the Bill proposes appropriations that are not for the ordinary annual
services of the Government. Annual appropriations that are for the ordinary
annual services of the Government are proposed in the Appropriation Bill (No. 3)
2015-2016. Together these two Bills are termed the Additional Estimates
Appropriation Bills.
4 The Portfolio Additional Estimates Statements are published and tabled in
the Parliament in relation to the Bill. This Explanatory Memorandum should be
read in conjunction with the various 2016-17 portfolio statements (being the
Portfolio Budget Statements 2016-17 and the Portfolio Additional Estimates
Statements) which contain details on the appropriations set out in the Schedules of
the Bills.
Structure of appropriations in the Bill
5 The Bill provides for the appropriation of specified amounts for expenditure
by Australian Government entities, primarily being non-corporate Commonwealth
entities (non-corporate entities) under the Public Governance, Performance and
Accountability Act 2013 (PGPA Act).
6 Part 1 of the Bill deals with definitions, the interpretative role of the
portfolio statements and the concept of notional transactions. Part 2 of the Bill
proposes appropriations to make payments of the amounts in Schedule 2 for State,
ACT, NT and local government items (clause 7), administered items (clause 8),
administered assets and liabilities items (clause 9), other departmental items
(clause 10) and corporate entity items (clause 11). Part 3 of the Bill specifies a
way in which the amounts in Schedule 2 may be adjusted (clause 12).
7 Part 4 deals with credits to special accounts (clause 13), the conditions that
apply to payments of State, ACT, NT and local government items (clause 14 and
Schedule 1), provides for amounts to be appropriated as necessary (clause 15) and
specifies when the Bill is repealed (clause 16). In addition to the adjustment
provision in Part 3, clause 15 of the Bill recognises that the appropriations
proposed in the Bill may also be varied by the PGPA Act.
Explanatory Memorandum to Appropriation Bill (No. 4) 2016-2017
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Outline
Financial Impact
8 The Bill, if enacted, would appropriate the amounts specified in Schedule 2.
Explanatory Memorandum to Appropriation Bill (No. 4) 2016-2017
House of Representatives 3
Statement of compatibility with human rights
Statement of compatibility with human rights
1 The Bill seeks to appropriate money for services that are not considered to
be the ordinary annual services of the Government.
2 Accordingly, the Bill performs an important constitutional function, by
authorising the withdrawal of money from the CRF for the broad purposes
identified in the Bill.
3 However, as the High Court has emphasised, beyond this, the Appropriation
Acts do not create rights and nor do they, importantly, impose any duties.
4 Given that the legal effect of Appropriation Bills is limited in this way, the
Bill is not seen as engaging, or otherwise affecting, the rights or freedoms relevant
to the Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011.
5 Detailed information on the relevant appropriations, however, is contained
in the portfolio statements.
Explanatory Memorandum to Appropriation Bill (No. 4) 2016-2017
House of Representatives 4
Notes on clauses
Notes on clauses
Part 1--Preliminary
Clause 1--Short title
1 This clause specifies that the short title of the Bill, once enacted, will be the
Appropriation Act (No. 4) 2016-2017.
Clause 2--Commencement
2 Clause 2 provides for the Bill to commence as an Act on the day of the
Royal Assent.
Clause 3--Definitions
3 Clause 3 defines the key terms used in the Bill, such as "administered item",
"corporate entity", "non-corporate entity", "other departmental item", and "State,
ACT, NT and local government item".
Clause 4--Portfolio statements
4 Clause 4 declares that the portfolio statements are relevant documents under
paragraph 15AB(2)(g) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (AI Act).
Paragraph 15AB(2)(g) provides for material to be considered in the interpretation
of an Act if the material is declared by the Act to be relevant material for the
purposes of Section 15AB of the AI Act.
5 The purpose of the portfolio statements is to provide information on the
proposed allocation of resources to Government outcomes by Commonwealth
entities within each portfolio. The term "portfolio statements" is defined in the
Bill, at clause 3, to mean the Portfolio Budget Statements 2016-17 and the
Portfolio Additional Estimates Statements (tabled with the Bill).
Clause 5--Notional transactions between entities that are part
of the Commonwealth
6 Clause 5 provides that notional transactions between non-corporate entities
are to be treated as if they are real transactions. Notional transactions, therefore,
require the debiting of an appropriation made by Parliament. The payments of the
amounts in Schedule 2 from one non-corporate entity to another do not require, in
a constitutional sense, an appropriation, because both non-corporate entities
operate within the CRF. For reasons of financial discipline and transparency, the
practice has arisen for these payments between non-corporate entities to be treated
as though they required an appropriation, and to debit an appropriation when such
notional payments are made. This is consistent with section 76 of the PGPA Act.
7 When a non-corporate entity makes a payment, whether to another non-
corporate entity or another part of the same non-corporate entity (such as a
Explanatory Memorandum to Appropriation Bill (No. 4) 2016-2017
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Notes on clauses
different "business unit" within the entity), it is to be treated as a "real" payment.
This means that the appropriation made by Parliament is extinguished by the
amount of the notional payment, even though no payment is actually made from
the CRF. Similarly, a notional receipt in such a situation is to be treated by the
receiving non-corporate entity (where relevant) as if it were a real receipt. This
does not mean every internal transfer of public money involves a notional
payment and receipt.
Part 2--Appropriation items
Clause 6--Summary of appropriations
8 Clause 6 sets out the total of the appropriations in Schedule 2 of the Bill.
The amounts in Schedule 2 may be adjusted under Part 3 of the Bill. Items may be
increased by a determination under clause 12 (Advance to the Finance Minister).
9 The amounts in Schedule 2 of the Bill may be adjusted further in accordance
with sections 74 to 75 of the PGPA Act. Specifically:
Section 74 of the PGPA Act, when read with Rule 27 of the Public
Governance, Performance and Accountability Rule 2014 (PGPA Rule),
permits non-corporate entities to retain certain types of receipts by adding
them to their most recent departmental item or other type of appropriation in
an Appropriation Act when prescribed.
Appropriations may be adjusted by amounts recoverable by a non-corporate
entity from the Australian Taxation Office for Goods and Services Tax
(GST), in accordance with section 74A of the PGPA Act. The amounts
specified in Schedule 2 exclude recoverable GST. The appropriations shown
represent the net amount that Parliament is asked to allocate to particular
purposes.
Section 74A has the effect of increasing an appropriation by the amount of
the GST qualifying amount arising from payments in respect of the
appropriation. As a result, there is sufficient appropriation for payments
under an appropriation item, provided that the amount of those payments,
less the amount of recoverable GST, can be met from the initial amount
shown against the item in Schedule 2. Section 74A also applies to notional
transactions between and within non-corporate entities.
Items may be adjusted to take into account the transfer of functions between
non-corporate entities, in accordance with section 75 of the PGPA Act. It is
possible that adjustments under section 75 may result in new items and/or
outcomes being created in an Appropriation Act.
Clause 7--State, ACT, NT and local government items
10 Clause 7 provides administered appropriations for financial assistance to the
States, ACT, NT and local governments. State, ACT, NT and local government
items are appropriated separately for outcomes, making it clear what the funding
is intended to achieve. The amount specified in Schedule 2 for an outcome may be
Explanatory Memorandum to Appropriation Bill (No. 4) 2016-2017
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Notes on clauses
applied by a non-corporate entity for the purpose of making payments to any of
the States, ACT, NT or local government authorities for the purpose of achieving
that outcome.
11 Clauses 7 and 14 delegate Parliament's power under section 96 of the
Constitution to impose terms and conditions on payments of financial assistance
to the States to the responsible Ministers listed in Schedule 1 of the Bill.
Schedule 1 also lists the Ministers who may determine the amounts and timing of
those payments. These payments are usually made pursuant to eligibility rules and
conditions established by the Government or Parliament.
12 Specifically, the Finance Minister manages payments to State, ACT, NT and
local governments using a discretionary power under section 51 of the PGPA Act.
Section 51 allows the Finance Minister to manage the timing and the amount of
appropriated money to be made available to State, ACT, NT and local
governments, except as required by law.
Clause 8--Administered items
13 Subclause 8(1) provides for the appropriation of new administered outcome
amounts to be applied by a non-corporate entity for the purpose of contributing to
the outcome for a non-corporate entity. An "administered item" is defined in
clause 3 to be an amount set out in Schedule 2 opposite an outcome for a
non-corporate entity under the heading "New Administered Outcomes". New
Administered Outcomes are those administered by a non-corporate entity on
behalf of the government (e.g. certain grants, benefits and transfer payments).
14 As with administered items in the Appropriation Bill (No. 3) 2016-2017,
New Administered Outcomes are appropriated separately for outcomes. The split
across outcomes is not notional, unlike departmental items, and makes it clear
what the funding is intended to achieve. Schedule 2 specifies how much can be
expended on each outcome.
15 New Administered Outcomes are typically proposed when:
a non-corporate entity seeks administered operating appropriations for the
first time (including existing non-corporate entities that have received
departmental operating appropriations in the past);
annual administered operating appropriations are proposed for the first time,
for program previously funded by special appropriations; and
a non-corporate entity's outcomes are changed to reflect new program
objectives, strategies and/or activities.
16 The purposes for which each administered item can be spent are further set
out in subclause 8(2). Subclause 8(2) provides that where the portfolio statements
indicate a particular activity is in respect of a particular outcome, then expenditure
on that activity is taken to be expenditure for the purpose of contributing to
achieving that outcome.
Explanatory Memorandum to Appropriation Bill (No. 4) 2016-2017
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Notes on clauses
17 New Administered Outcomes are those administered by a non-corporate
entity on behalf of the Government (e.g. certain grants, benefits and transfer
payments). These payments are usually made pursuant to eligibility rules and
conditions established by the Government or the Parliament. Specifically,
administered items are tied to outcomes (departmental items are not).
18 The Finance Minister manages payments from administered items by
non-corporate entities using a discretionary power under section 51 of the
PGPA Act. Section 51 allows the Finance Minister to manage the timing and the
amount of appropriated money to be made available to a Commonwealth entity,
except as required by law.
Clause 9--Administered assets and liabilities items
19 Clause 9 provides amounts in Schedule 2 to acquire administered assets,
enhance existing administered assets and/or discharge administered liabilities
relating to activities administered by non-corporate entities on behalf of the
Government. Administered assets and liabilities appropriations are provided for
functions managed by a non-corporate entity on behalf of the Government.
Administered assets and liabilities items can be applied for any outcomes of the
non-corporate entity in Schedule 2 of the Bill, or Schedule 1 to the Appropriation
Bill (No. 3) 2016-2017.
20 The Finance Minister manages payments from administered assets and
liabilities items by non-corporate entities using a discretionary power under
section 51 of the PGPA Act. Section 51 allows the Finance Minister to manage
the timing and the amount of appropriated money to be made available to a
Commonwealth entity, except as required by law.
Clause 10--Other departmental items
21 Clause 10 appropriates departmental non-operating appropriations in the
form of equity injections, over which the non-corporate entity also exercises
control. This clause provides that the amount specified in other departmental
items for a non-corporate entity may be applied for the departmental expenditure
of the entity. In short, "equity injections" can be provided to non-corporate
entities to, for example, enable investment in assets to facilitate departmental
activities and for designated collecting institutions to purchase heritage and
cultural assets.
22 Other departmental items are not expressed in terms of a particular financial
year. For example, equity injection appropriations provide funding to meet the
cost expected to be incurred in the Budget year to acquire a new asset, however,
for a number of reasons, some part of the appropriation might not be required
until a later financial year. Other departmental items are available until they are
spent, or the Act through which they were appropriated is repealed. Annual
Appropriation Acts have a lifespan of up to three years after which they
automatically repeal.
Explanatory Memorandum to Appropriation Bill (No. 4) 2016-2017
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Notes on clauses
23 The Finance Minister manages the payment from other departmental items
by non-corporate entities using a discretionary power under section 51 of the
PGPA Act. Section 51 allows the Finance Minister to manage the timing and the
amount of appropriated money to be made available to a Commonwealth entity,
except as required by law.
Clause 11--Corporate entity items
24 Clause 11 provides for appropriations of money for corporate entities to be
paid from the CRF by the relevant Department. Clause 11 provides that payments
for corporate entities must be used for the purposes of those entities.
25 A "corporate entity" is defined in clause 3 to be a corporate Commonwealth
entity or a Commonwealth company within the meaning of the PGPA Act. Many
corporate entities receive funding from appropriations. However, these entities are
legally separate from the Commonwealth, and as a result, do not debit
appropriations or make payments from the CRF.
26 Corporate entity payments are initiated by requests to the relevant portfolio
Departments from the corporate entities. The Finance Minister manages
appropriations for corporate entities through a discretionary power to control the
timing and amount made available under section 51 of the PGPA Act, except as
required by law. Corporate entities hold the amounts paid to them on their own
account.
27 Subclause 11(2) provides that if a corporate entity is subject to another Act
that requires amounts appropriated by Parliament for the purposes of that entity to
be paid to the entity, then the full amount of the corporate entity payment must be
paid to the entity. The purpose of subclause 11(2) is to clarify that subclause 11(1)
is not intended to qualify any obligations in other legislation regulating a
corporate entity, where that other legislation requires the Commonwealth to pay
the full amount appropriated for the purposes of the entity.
28 In addition to the annual appropriations, some corporate entities may also
receive public money from related entities such as a portfolio Department and
from special appropriations managed by those Departments. Many corporate
entities also receive funds from external sources.
Part 3--Advance to the Finance Minister
Clause 12--Advance to the Finance Minister
29 Section 12 of the Appropriation Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 and section 12 of the
Supply Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 enable the Finance Minister to provide additional
appropriations for items when satisfied that there is an urgent need for
expenditure, and the existing appropriation is inadequate. This additional
appropriation is referred to as the Advance to the Finance Minister (AFM).
Subsection 12(3) of the Appropriation Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 provides that the
total amount that can be determined under the AFM provisions of the
Explanatory Memorandum to Appropriation Bill (No. 4) 2016-2017
House of Representatives 9
Notes on clauses
Appropriation Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 and the Supply Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 is
$380 million.
30 Clause 12 of the Bill provides that irrespective of the amounts issued from
the AFM before the commencement of the Bill, the amount available under
section 12 of the Appropriation Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 will be restored to the
original amount of $380 million. The provision has been added to the Bill to
ensure that there will be sufficient scope to provide amounts from the AFM for
the remainder of the financial year.
31 Subclause 12(1) specifies that if the Finance Minister has determined under
subsection 12(2) of the Appropriation Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 or subsection 12(2)
of the Supply Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 to increase an amount in Schedule 2 of the
Appropriation Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 or Schedule 2 of the Supply Act (No. 2)
2016-2017, respectively, from the AFM, then the amount is to be disregarded for
the purposes of subsection 12(3) of the Appropriation Act (No. 2) 2016-2017
when the Bill commences. From the date this Bill commences as an Act the total
amount that can be determined under the AFM will again be $380 million.
32 Subclause 12(2) prevents appropriations for the same expenditure from both
the AFM and the Bill. Subclause 12(2) ensures that if Schedule 2 of the Bill
provides an amount for a particular expenditure and, prior to the commencement
of the Bill, the Finance Minister determines an amount from the AFM under
section 12 of the Appropriation Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 or section 12 of the Supply
Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 for the same expenditure (the advanced amount), then the
appropriation in the Bill will be reduced by the amount of the advanced amount.
The appropriated amount cannot be reduced below nil. For example if the Bill
provides $20 million for a program and an advanced amount of $5 million is
determined by the Finance Minister under the Appropriation Act (No. 2)
2016-2017 for a particular payment under that program, then the amount
appropriated by the Bill, once enacted, will be reduced by $5 million (i.e.
appropriating only $15 million for the program).
33 The Finance Minister may continue to make determinations under
subsection 12(2) of the Appropriation Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 to add an amount
from the AFM to an item of a Commonwealth entity if the criteria in
subsection 12(1) of that Act are satisfied.
Part 4--Miscellaneous
Clause 13--Crediting amounts to special accounts
34 Clause 13 provides that if the purpose of an item in Schedule 2 is also the
purpose of a special account (regardless of whether the item expressly refers to the
special account), then amounts may be debited against the appropriation for that
item and credited to the special account. Special accounts may be established
under the PGPA Act by a determination of the Finance Minister (section 78) that
is disallowable by Parliament or by another Act (sections 79 and 80). The
Explanatory Memorandum to Appropriation Bill (No. 4) 2016-2017
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Notes on clauses
determination or Act that establishes the special account will specify the purposes
of the special account.
Clause 14--Conditions etc. applying to State, ACT, NT and local
government items
35 Clause 14 deals with Parliament's power under section 96 of the
Constitution to provide financial assistance to the States. Clause 14 delegates the
power to the responsible Ministers listed in Schedule 1 of the Bill, by providing
the Ministers named in Schedule 1 with the power to determine:
conditions under which payments to the States, ACT, NT and local
government may be made: clause 14(2)(a); and
the amounts and timing of those payments: clause 14(2)(b).
36 Subclause 14(4) provides that determinations made under subclause 14(2)
are not legislative instruments, because these determinations are not altering the
appropriations approved by Parliament. Determinations under subclause 14(2) are
administrative in nature and will simply determine how appropriations for State,
ACT, NT and local government items will be paid.
37 Determinations under clause 14 or its equivalent are rare. Most payments to
the States and Territories are governed by, and appropriated through, the Federal
Financial Relations Act 2009. For the payments to the States, ACT, NT and local
government in an even-numbered Appropriation Act, generally other legislative or
agreed frameworks determine how the payments are made and when, such as the
Local Government (Financial Assistance) Act 1995 or a National Agreement.
Many of these arrangements can be found on the Federal Financial Relations
website (http://www.federalfinancialrelations.gov.au/).
38 Although financial assistance is provided to the ACT, NT and local
governments without reference to section 96 of the Constitution, those payments
are administered in the same way. Therefore, the Ministers identified in
Schedule 1 may set the amounts and timing and impose terms and conditions on
those payments. Subclause 14(5) also notes that clause 14 will not limit the
powers of the Commonwealth under section 96 of the Constitution to provide
financial assistance to a State which is not appropriated by a State, ACT, NT and
local government item.
39 In the Bill, appropriations to the States, ACT, NT and local government are
sought for the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development against
Outcome 3. Further information may also be found in their portfolio statements.
The most recent detailed estimates of Commonwealth payments to the States,
Territories and local governments from 2016-17 to 2019-20 may be found in
Annex A to Attachment D in Part 3 of Mid-Year Economic and Fiscal Outlook
2016-17 which is available at http://www.budget.gov.au/.
Explanatory Memorandum to Appropriation Bill (No. 4) 2016-2017
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Notes on clauses
Clause 15--Appropriation of the Consolidated Revenue Fund
40 Clause 15 provides that the CRF is appropriated as necessary for the
purposes of the Bill. Significantly, this clause means that there is an appropriation
in law when the Act commences. That is, the appropriations are not made or
brought into existence just before they are paid, but when the Act commences.
This clause indicates that the amounts appropriated may be affected by the
PGPA Act, in particular sections 74 to 75 (see clause 6), after the Act commences.
Clause 16--Repeal of this Act
41 Clause 16 specifies that the Bill, once enacted, will repeal at the start of
1 July 2019.
Schedule 1--Payments to or for the States, ACT, NT and
local government
42 In accordance with clause 14, Schedule 1 lists the Ministers responsible for
determinations on payments to or for the States, ACT, NT and local government.
Schedule 2--Services for which money is appropriated
43 Schedule 2 specifies the services for which amounts will be appropriated by
the Bill. Schedule 2 contains a summary table which lists the total amounts for
each portfolio. A separate summary table is included with further detail for each
portfolio, with other tables detailing the appropriations for each Commonwealth
entity.
44 Schedule 2 includes, for information purposes, the sum of amounts
appropriated in the Appropriation Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 and the Supply Act
(No. 2) 2016-2017, which is printed in italics and labelled as "Budget
Appropriation (italic figures) - 2016-2017". The amount printed as the Budget
Appropriation is an estimate that does not affect the amount available at law. That
figure provides a comparison with the proposed appropriations for entities
receiving appropriations. It is calculated for each item by adding the amounts
appropriated in the Appropriation Act (No. 2) 2016-2017 and the Supply Act
(No. 2) 2016-2017, amounts adjusted under certain provisions of the PGPA Act
plus adjustments such as AFMs. In addition, where a non-corporate entity's
outcome structure has changed since the last Appropriation Act, only ongoing
outcomes are shown in the Bill. In some instances the figure may also be affected
by limits applied administratively by the Department of Finance.
45 Schedule 2 also includes, for information purposes, a figure for the previous
financial year printed in light figures labelled the "Actual Available Appropriation
(light figures) - 2015-2016". The Actual Available Appropriation is an estimate
that does not affect the amount available at law. That figure provides a
comparison with the proposed appropriations for entities receiving appropriations.
It is calculated for each item by adding the amounts appropriated in the previous
year's Appropriation Acts, amounts adjusted under certain provisions of the
Explanatory Memorandum to Appropriation Bill (No. 4) 2016-2017
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Notes on clauses
PGPA Act plus adjustments such as AFMs. In addition, where an entity's
outcome structure has changed since the previous year's Appropriation Acts, only
ongoing outcomes are shown in the Bill. In some instances the figure may also be
affected by limits applied administratively by the Department of Finance. For
these reasons, the Actual Available Appropriation figures may be different from
the sum of amounts provided in earlier Appropriation Acts.
46 More details about the appropriations in Schedule 2 are contained in the
portfolio statements and the second reading speech for the Bill.
Machinery of Government changes
47 Since the commencement of the Appropriation Act (No. 2) 2016-2017, there
have been changes to a Department and a Commonwealth entity pursuant to the
Machinery of Government changes from the Administered Arrangements Order
(AAO) amendment made on 27 October 2016.
48 The Governor-General in Council acting under section 65 of the Public
Service Act 1999 made an Executive Order on 27 October 2016 to rename the
Digital Transformation Office as the Digital Transformation Agency (DTA) and
specify the functions of the DTA.
49 The Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Amendment
(Digital Transformation Agency) Rule 2016 made on 14 November 2016 and
which came into effect on 18 November 2016 renames the DTO as a listed entity
under the PGPA Rule as the DTA and specifies its purposes following the
Executive Order issued by the Governor General on 27 October 2016.
50 Schedule 2 to the Bill therefore differs to Schedule 2 of the Appropriation
Act (No. 1) 2016-2017 in that it refers to the new name of the DTA.
51 The PGPA Rule amendment was implemented through determinations made
under section 75 of the PGPA Act which amended references to the name of the
DTA.
52 Full details of the changes as expressed in the AAO amendment of
27 October 2016 can be found at https://www.dpmc.gov.au/resource-
centre/government/aao-amendment-27-october-2016.
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